Attacks and violations in cameroons struggle with boko haram index. Forest 2012 explores the origins and future trajectory of boko haram, and especially why its ideology of violence has found resonance among a small number of young nigerians. Searching for boko haram download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl. A case study of higher institutions in lagos state. Boko harams religious and political worldview brookings institution. This is a highly important scholarly contribution that will be a basic reference work for policymakers and scholars alike.
This study therefore builds on earlier works already done in the field of boko haram insurgency in nigeria. Clarifying boko harams transnational intentions, using. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest. Boko haram, a movement claiming to act in the name of is lam, has killed tens of thousands of people in nigeria and the neighboring countries of niger, chad, and cameroon. Boko haram is an extremist sect in nigeria that has caused. Boko harams ideology is premised on an extreme islamic teaching that. Throughout its sixyear campaign, the ideology of boko haram, the nigerian jihadi group, has. Boko harams insurgency, but it also identifies gaps in the literature. Introduction boko haram, a militant islamist group, has been operating mainly in northern nigeria since 2002. Major research paper the boko haram insurgency driving.
The third is that boko haram is not an everexpanding juggernaut, despite its pledge of allegiance in april last year to isis. Central to boko harams ideology is the notion that many aspects of western life are antithetical to islamic civilization. Writers, journalists and even common people have a number of explanations of the intent of the name boko haram yet. Pdf the ideological evolution of boko haram in nigeria. The islamic state in west africa or the islamic states west africa province abbreviated iswa or iswap, formerly known as jamaat ahl assunnah liddawah waljihad arabic. Although the groups name is widely translated as western education is forbiddensinful, boko harams leaders insist that the name refers not just to western education but also to western civilization in its entirety. Boko haram is an islamic sect that believes politics in northern nigeria has. Untold story of boko haram, its ideology, what they want.
The ideological evolution of boko haram in nigeria. Boko haram, nigerias homegrown islamist insurgency. It will therefore look at the origin and modus operandi of boko haram and seek to answer the question as to whether we can rightly tag boko haram a terrorist group or a foreign terrorist organization using the u s standard for designation. The boko haram reader, a massive compendium of original sources translated into english, provides an essential tool for understanding what drives the movement. Boko haram in nigeria provides an important example of the combination of religion and violence in the conditions of the twentyfirst century. That is to say, boko haram is a sectarian organisation, because its ideology does not represent the views of many muslims in nigeria and in the world at large. Boko haram is an islamic faction that believes the political institutions of the north have been taken over by a group of false and corrupt muslims. It does not indicate territorial control by the group.
Boko haram ideology is a spill over from the sunnisalafi doctrine that the temporal proximity to prophet mohammad is associated with the truest form of islam. Programme nsrp showed that inequality of opportunity can make youth vulnerable to recruitment from boko haram. However, it has mounted operations involving at least 500 operatives, implying several thousand members and affiliates leadership, 20. The shaded area illustrates boko harams general area of operations in 20152016. The majority of the literature on veos concentrates on the conceptualization of terrorism, motivations for terrorism and counterterrorism strategies, as well as a focus on the frequency of veo attacks, number of fatalities and funding sources. Nur was thirdincommand under yusuf and secondincommand under shekau. Boko haram s ideology is premised on an extreme islamic teaching that rejects most western ideas and institutions as unislamic. Afr 1719912015 amnesty international september 2015 7 investigation has yet to even identify those people who died, reveal the location of their bodies, or interview a number of key eyewitnesses.
Between 2011 and 20 i visited nigeria four times as susan elden was working in the country. These set of militant during the cause of prosecuting their objective have destroyed properties worth billions of naira. Impact of the boko haram insurgency on the childs right to. The boko haram insurgency driving factors behind the existence of the boko haram group in nigeria qurat ul ain arendas 7912887 api6999. Boko haram and ansaru stakeholder analysis august 2016 boko haram profile boko haram bh is a sunni islamist armed group based in borno state in northeast nigeria. Boko haram spokesman abu qa qa warns the media against making any more claims, we are telling the government to understand that if it is not ready to embrace sharia and the quran as the guiding book from which the laws of the land derive, there shall be no peace. Furthermore, the book analyses the various components of boko haram s radical ideology, situates them in islamic jurisprudence, and examines the philosophy of the group both in doctrine and practice their interpretation of the koran and the waging of jihad, and the extent to which they conform to the islamic sect boko haram claims to.
Introduction for some, it may come as a surprise that, in 2014, boko haram was the deadliest terrorist organization in the world. The initial rebellion failed, whereupon parts of the movement fled to algeria and somalia, where they found shelter among alqaedalinked organizations like aqim and alshabaab. August 23, 2012 unverified media reports claim that boko haram has begun peace talks with the nigerian government. Yusuf muhammads teaching propagated hatred toward western civilization. Boko harams ideology is often described as comprising two stances.
Ansarus exact origin is unclear, but it is known that the group emerged as a faction of boko haram, an extremist islamist movement that launched an uprising against the nigerian government in 2009. Soon after the kidnapping, reports surfaced that boko haram may have transferred many of the girls from nigeria to cameroon, chad and as far as central african republics birao region near sudan. Boko haram is an islamist militant group based in northern nigeria and the lake chad region. Those terrible weeks in their camp 2 ascertain if some, or all, had also been abducted or if they were family members of the insurgents. Ali, espoused antistate ideology and called on other muslims to join the group and. Yusuf, the founder of boko haram, was killed by government forces while in custody, allegedly while trying to escape, after the july 2009 uprisings in northeastern nigeria mamman nur 2002 to january 2012. For years, boko haram has been conducting a lethal jihadist insurgency in the countrys north to drive out government forces and establish an islamic state. Meaning of boko haram is subtler than media portrayal 6.
How boko haram exploits history and memory africa research. Frictions with shekau lead nurs followers to form a splinter group. Jan 14, 2016 the ideology of boko haram, a nigerian jihadi group that has pledged allegiance to the islamic state, is often described as opposition to democracy and rejection of westernstyle education. Pdf nigeria has recently been confronted with increased terrorist activity by a group. Boko haram is an isisaligned jihadist group based in nigeria. Initially growing out of a group known as the nigerian taliban, the group that would become boko haram was founded by mohammed yusuf in 2002. Ideology boko haram is a violent sunni jihadist group founded by cleric mohammed yusuf, who was previously a leader within a salafist group in the 1990s, and was inspired by 14th century fundamentalist scholar ibn taymiyyah. The main pillars in the overlapping ideas in boko harams ideology, as formulated by the former leader. Boko haram follows a purely military insurgency model and. The origins of boko haramand why it matters by audu. This research work was to find out the effects of boko haram ideology on islamic education in nigeria. The movement is unique in that it combines a sectarian, radical islamic agenda with violence. Boko haram translates from hausa to western education is forbidden.
Boko harams ideology has played in indoctrinating a new cadre of militants in northern cameroon indicate the. Boko haram literally means western education is forbidden. More than countering merely the violence and the mayhem, the current challenge posed by the boko haram conflict is how to clearly define the factors and the actors. It was initially established as a group opposing western education, which it believes corrupts the moral values of muslims, and since 2009 it has launched operations to create islamic state. Yet it is no longer clear that the group is as coherent an entity as was initially believed.
The research tries to explain the framework in which appeared, and main purposes. Since 2009, boko haram has transformed itself from a cultlike religious movement into a revolutionary insurgent organization. Report to the strategic multilayer assessment office, department of defense, and the office of university programs. Northern nigeria history boko haram is a militant jihadist group fighting for the implementation of sharia islamic law in nigeria. Yusuf also demanded the full implementation of the sharia in nigeria to usher in the perfect islamic state. Boko haram have been in the news recently because of the kidnapping of the chibok schoolgirls, but they have been active since at least 2009, with older roots. An assessment of strengths, vulnerabilities, and policy options from previous hit. This paper aims to examine the historical evolution of boko haram, its causes, recruitment, ideology, area of operation and the ways through which the problem can be solved. This report documents boko harams violent campaign against. Its stated goal is to overthrow the secular government of nigeria and replace it with an islamic system. The history of boko haram boko haram s origins lie in a group of radical islamist youth who worshipped at the alhaji muhammadu ndimi mosque in maiduguri a decade ago. The potential for boko haram to evolve from being a local to a regional or global threat is clear, and there are signs that several boko haram factions have already abandoned nigeriaoriented objectives in favor of embracing transnational militant objectives history and ideology from 2002 to 2009, boko haram was led by mohammed yusuf, a charis. Boko haram follows a purely military insurgency model and currently has no political front.
It was discovered that the boko haram ideology does not represent the islamic ideology. The doctrines that the leaders of the boko haram founded their sect cannot be separated from the global jihad movement that exploits the widespread suffering, resentment, and anger in the muslim. Ansaru by origin a splinter of boko haram, ansarus base is in kano and kaduna. This article will look into boko haram, its ideology, its methods, and its international connections. History and ideology from 2002 to 2009, boko haram was led by mohammed yusuf, a charismatic imam in northeastern nigerias borno state, who preached that western education is sinful, which in hausa language translates to boko haram boko means book or, more broadly, western education, and haram means sinful. Despite declaring a caliphate, boko haram has made little attempt at governing the territory it has captured. What do we know about drivers of radicalisation and. Until now, understanding of boko haram has been poor, but that is about to change.
One of the most important findings of the thesis is that religion can be a dominate cause of conflict. Evidence suggests that boko haram has been very effective in using islamic ideology to recruit, organise and sustain its battle against the nigerian state. Graduate lecturing assistant, faculty of law, university of the western cape. It examines cultural changes in the lands south of. The analysis has identified the following as key strengths of boko haram. Boko haram is an islamist movement founded in 2002 by yusuf muhammad in borno state of northeast nigeria. Instead, the focus has been on rankandfile members. An assessment of strengths, vulnerabilities, and policy options. In addition, much larger numbers appear to acquiesce to what boko haram is doing. Understanding the threat posed by boko haram in order to understand how the boko haram insurgency threatens security, it is pertinent to provide a background of its evolution. Boko haram indicts colonialists for dismantling the empire and dividing it among themselves, but muslim infighting was largely responsible for its collapse. Boko haram an annotated bibliography progressive geographies. It is both a movement in the pattern of religiouslyjustified violence and a significant representative of the emergence of new types of modern terrorism in recent years. A boko haram commanders words to a 19yearold mother who was held in sambisa forest, northern nigeria, for four days in april 2014.
The boko haram version of history is selective, idealised and questionable. This comprehensive report examines boko haram s extremist rhetoric, leadership, and history of violent activities. Clearly borne out of the thinking of mohammed yusuf, the group has evolved over time to become a more nebulous entity whose direction and aims are sometimes difficult to identify. Islamism, politics, security and the state in nigeria. While boko haram s advance into the main towns in the northeast has been. There are some members who joined boko haram due to their belief in the groups religious ideology and the lure of fighting against unislamic elements. Lawans mission was to call the governments attention to the economic hardship and poor living standards the. To advance understanding of the dynamic global security threats emerging in west africa, this article analyses the radical islamic sect in nigeria popularly called boko haram. Others support the groups agenda of creating an islamic state and erasing the western influences and presence in africa. In 2002, an offshoot of this youth group not yet known as boko haram declared the city and the islamic establishment to be intolerably corrupt and irredeemable. In 2015, boko haram leader abubakar shekau pledged allegiance to abu bakr albaghdadi, the leader of the islamic state, and boko haram became known as islamic states west africa province iswap. The theory and reality of boko haram tony blair institute for global.
It was also discovered that islam encourages useful knowledge and education regardless of its origin. This book focuses on boko haram and terrorism in nigeria, framing the conflict in an international law. Boko haram and the kidnapping of the chibok schoolgirls. The ideology of political authority in islam from ibn taymiyya to boko haram in northeastern nigeria. Frequently asked questions congressional research service summary boko haram, a violent nigerian islamist movement, has grown increasingly active and deadly in its attacks against state and civilian targets in recent years, drawing on a narrative of victimization. Boko haram has used niger, chad, and cameroon to hide, train, plan, recruit, and transit, historically focusing attacks on nigeria to avoid crackdowns in countries where it has safe havens. Boko haram is generally perceived as a violent islamist group basing its ideology on the religious principles and therefore often framed in the terms of religious conflict, which svensson defines as a con. Centre for counterterrorism, the hague, march 20, available at.
The end of 2011 general election in nigeria results to mass recognition of another set of militant popularly called boko haram. Haram attacks, including the destruction of a northern nigerian town and massacring of approximately 300 of its inhabitants three weeks after the abductions. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Boko haram periodically conducts attacks beyond this area. Clarifying boko haram s transnational intentions, using content analysis of public statements in 2012 by benjamin s. Behind the headlines prepared may 22, 2014 contents. The case of boko haram in nigeria stability journal. This comprehensive report examines boko harams extremist rhetoric, leadership, and history of violent activities. This book places the insurgent group boko haram, which has terrorised northeastern nigeria through the last six years, in an historical and cultural context.
The nexus between causes of boko haram and its effect on nigeria economy article pdf available in international journal of humanities and social science 97. The group was founded in 2002 by an islamist cleric named mohammed yusuf in response. On april 14, 2014, boko haram militants kidnapped more than 250 schoolgirls from chibok in nigerias northeastern borno state. Policy to counter nigerias boko haram council on oreign relations ast t street ne ork n 100 tel 212. Pdf the nexus between causes of boko haram and its. This paper considers the effect of the boko haram8 insurgency in nigeria while focusing on its impact on the childs right to education.
The ideological evolution of boko haram in nigeria please scroll down for article. In reality, the kanembornu empire was considerably more volatile and at times far less glorious than is claimed. It vehemently affirmed the infallibility of the quran as the uncreated and eternal word of allah. Another look at the boko haram philosophyby ahmad salkida. Boko haram and radical ideology in islamic jurisprudence and international law. Those terrible weeks in their camp human rights watch. Boko harams philosophy, how the group emerged, its main operational tactics and the groups impact on security in nigeria. Jun 25, 2014 boko%haram%%an%annotated%bibliography,%stuart. The ideological evolution of boko haram in nigeria article pdf available in the rusi journal 1584 august 20 with 1,141 reads how we measure reads. I argue that one of the main causes of boko harams insurgency is the political competition over various issues between nigerian islamic organizations.
The boko haram ideology may be built on aspects of the koran, but numerous islamic leaders and scholars have publicly chastised this group on the basis of other koranic teachings. This paper is an examination of the membership recruitment strategies of two violent extremist organizations veos, namely alshabaab and boko haram. Boko haram bh is a nigerian extremist group which emerged only in the last decade, but. To request permission to photocopy or reprint materials, email.
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